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Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study

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Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study

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Rheumatological condition Rheumatoid arthritis 7193 (67·2%) 15 049 (70·3%) −0·0805 (−0·107 to 0·520) <0·0001 Systemic lupus erythematosus 2642 (24·7%) 4475 (20·9%) 0·119 (0·088 to 0·149) <0·0001 Polymyositis 87 (0·8%) 317 (1·5%) −0·334 (−0·466 to −0·203) <0·0001 Polyarthritis 208 (1·9%) 400 (1·9%) 0·002 (−0·071 to 0·115) 0·64 Sjögren’s syndrome 398 (3·7%) 406 (1·9%) 0·382 (0·304 to 0·459) <0·0001 Behcet’s syndrome 4 (<0·1%) 2 (<0·1%) 0·764 (−0·171 to 1·70) 0·10 Jaccoud’s syndrome 1 (<0·1%) 3 (<0·1%) −0·224 (−1·470 to 1·020) 0·72 Connective tissue disease 422 (3·9%) 666 (3·1%) 0·135 (0·067 to 0·204) <0·0001 CREST syndrome 9 (<0·1%) 7 (<0·1%) 0·521 (−0·024 to 1·07) 0·060 Felty’s syndrome 12 (0·1%) 34 (0·2%) −0·192 (−0·555 to 0·171) 0·29 Inflammatory polyarthritis 346 (3·2%) 605 (2·8%) 0·076 (0·002 to 0·150) 0·044 Systemic sclerosis 75 (0·7%) 148 (0·7%) 0·008 (−0·146 to 0·161) 0·92 Still’s disease 4 (<0·1%) 11 (<0·1%) −0·176 (−0·807 to 0·455) 0·58 Palindromic rheumatism 76 (0·7%) 155 (0·7%) −0·011 (−0·163 to 0·141) 0·89 Polyarthralgia rheumatica 246 (2·3%) 574 (2·7%) −0·087 (−0·170 to −0·004) 0·038 Demographics Age, years 64·8 (12·9) 65·4 (13·3) −0·047 (−0·702 to −0·238) <0·0001 Sex .. .. −0·063 (−0·093 to 0·033) <0·0001 Men 8029 (75·0%) 16 502 (77·1%) .. .. Women 2674 (25·0%) 4904 (22·9%) .. .. Rural residence 4126 (38·5%) 8252 (38·5%) .. 1·0 Race .. .. 0·042 (0·015 to 0·070) 0·0023 White 7292 (68·1%) 14 221 (66·4%) .. .. Black 2107 (19·7%) 4464 (20·9%) .. .. Hispanic 542 (5·1%) 1045 (4·9%) .. .. Native American 148 (1·4%) 259 (1·2%) .. .. Asian or Pacific Islander 172 (1·6%) 343 (1·6%) .. .. Unknown 442 (4·1%) 1074 (5·0%) .. .. Body-mass index, kg/m2 30·0 (6·2) 29·7 (6·2) 0·044 (0·020 to 0·067) 0·0005 Any tobacco use 1175 (11·0%) 2297 (10·7%) 0·014 (−0·027 to 0·055) 0·50 Rheumatological prescriptions Leflunomide 654 (6·1%) 1225 (5·7%) 0·038 (−0·016 to 0·092) 0·16 Methotrexate 2214 (20·7%) 4489 (21·0%) −0·010 (−0·041 to 0·022) 0·55 Sulfasalazine 947 (8·8%) 1378 (6·4%) 0·190 (0·142 to 0·237) <0·0001 Any other oral csDMARD

* csDMARDs include hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, lefunomide, and sulfasalazine; other csDMARD refers to agents other than hydroxychloroquine.