Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on Tuesday had said China has been very clearly conveyed that any attempt to “unilaterally” change the status quo along the LAC is not at all acceptable, while acknowledging that India is facing a “challenge” in the region. Making a statement in Lok Sabha, Singh said there should be no doubt about the country’s determination to protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and asserted that India’s armed forces are ready to deal with “all contingencies” in the high-altitude region.

Referring to the Galwan Valley clashes on June 15, the defence minister said Indian soldiers “inflicted costs including casualties on the Chinese side”, adding the House should have “full confidence” that the armed forces will always rise to the challenge and make the country proud. “I will not hesitate to share with this august House that we are facing a challenge in Ladakh and I urge the House to pass a resolution in support of our armed forces who have been defending our motherland at great heights and most inclement weather conditions,” he said.

He said even though the situation this year is very different, both in terms of scale of troops involved and the number of friction points, India remains committed to the peaceful resolution of the current situation. “At the same time, the House can be assured that we remain prepared to deal with all contingencies,” the defence minister said. Singh also referred to his talks with the Chinese defence minister on the sidelines of a multilateral meet in Moscow recently, and said it was made clear to him that though India wants to resolve the row peacefully, there should be no doubt about its determination to protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

“I conveyed in clear terms our concerns related to the actions of the Chinese side, including amassing a large number of troops, their aggressive behavior and attempts to unilaterally alter the status quo that were in violation of the bilateral agreements,” he said. In the military and diplomatic talks, Singh said, India has maintained three key principles which are:”Both sides should strictly respect and observe the LAC; Neither side should attempt to alter the status quo unilaterally; And all agreements and understandings between the two sides much be fully abided by in their entirety.” He said the Chinese side, on its part, took the position that the situation should be handled in a responsible manner and ensure peace and tranquility as per bilateral agreements and protocol.

The defence minister said amassing of the troops by China and violent conduct of Chinese military were in violation of all mutually agreed norms and pacts. “A key element of both the 1993 and the 1996 Agreements is that the two sides will keep their military forces in the areas along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to a minimum level,” he added.

Singh also talked about the five-point agreement reached between External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar and his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi in Moscow on September 10 and said:”if implemented sincerely and faithfully by the Chinese side, it could lead to complete disengagement and restoration of peace and tranquility in the border areas.” On Galwan Valley clashes, he also said the Chinese side “created” a violent face off and “our brave soldiers laid down their lives and also inflicted costs including casualties on the Chinese side.” Twenty Indian Army personnel were killed in the clashes which have significantly escalated the tensions between the two countries. “I want to tell you that I have felt their indomitable courage, gallant and valor. As you are aware that Col Santosh Babu, along with his 19 brave soldiers, made the supreme sacrifice in the cause of defending the territorial integrity of India,” he said.

The Chinese side too suffered casualties, but it is yet to give out the details. “The conduct of our armed forces throughout these incidents shows that while they maintained ‘Sayyam’ (self-control) in the face of provocative actions, they also equally displayed ‘Shaurya’ (courage) when required to protect the territorial integrity of India,” he said.

The defence minister said the Chinese side had taken action to “hinder” the normal, traditional patrolling pattern of Indian troops in the Galwan Valley area which resulted in the face-off. “Even as this situation was being addressed by the Ground Commanders as per the provisions of our bilateral agreements and protocol, in mid-May the Chinese side made several attempts to transgress the LAC in other parts of the Western Sector,” he said.

This included Kongka La, Gogra and North Bank of Pangong Lake and that the attempts were detected early and consequently responded to appropriately by the armed forces. “I would like the House to join me in recognizing the courage and valour of our soldiers, who undergo immense hardship in the most difficult conditions to keep us all safe and secure,” Singh said.

The defence minister said India made it clear to the Chinese side through diplomatic and military channels that attempting to unilaterally alter the status quo was unacceptable. He also said that China continues to be in “illegal occupation” of approximately 38,000 sq. kms in the Union Territory of Ladakh.

In addition, under the so-called Sino-Pakistan ‘Boundary Agreement’ of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq. km. of Indian territory in Pakistan-occupied- Kashmir to China. He said China also claims approximately 90,000 sq. kms. of Indian territory in the eastern Sector of the India-China boundary in Arunachal Pradesh.

The defence minister said the Chinese side has mobilised a large number of troops and armaments along the LAC as well as in the depth areas, adding there are several friction areas in eastern Ladakh including Gogra, Kongka La and North and South Banks of the Pangong Lake. “In response to China’s actions, our armed forces have also made appropriate counter deployments in these areas to ensure that India’s security interests are fully protected,” he said.

The defence minister also said that even as discussions were going on, the Chinese side again engaged in “provocative military manoeuvers” on the night of August 29 and 30 in an attempt to change the status quo in the South Bank area of Pangong lake. “But yet again, timely and firm actions by our armed forces along the LAC prevented such attempts from succeeding,” he added. The defence minister also provided a historical perspective of the dispute, noting that China does not accept the customary and traditional alignment of the boundary between the two countries.

“We believe that this alignment is based on well-established geographical principles confirmed by treaties and agreements, as well as historical usage and practice, well-known for centuries to both sides,” he said. “The Chinese position, however, is that the boundary between the two countries has not been formally delimited, that there exists a traditional customary line formed by the extent of jurisdiction that they claim was exercised historically by each side, and that the two sides have different interpretations of the position of the traditional customary line,” he said.

Singh said the two countries had engaged in discussions during the 1950s-60s but these efforts could not yield a mutually acceptable solution. After the defence minister’s statement, the Congress wanted to raise certain issues which was not allowed by Speaker Om Birla. Unhappy with this, Congress members walked out of the House.

India and China reached an agreement to resolve their border row during the meeting between Jaishankar and Wang in Moscow on the sidelines of a Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meet. The agreement included measures like quick disengagement of troops, avoiding action that could escalate tensions, adherence to all agreements and protocols on border management and steps to restore peace along the LAC.

The Indian Army and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army(PLA) have been locked in a tense standoff in multiple areas along the LAC in eastern Ladakh since early May. Shots were fired across the LAC on Monday for the first time in 45 years with the two sides accusing each other of firing in the air.

In the five rounds of corps commander-level talks, the Indian side has been insisting on immediate restoration of status quo ante in all areas of eastern Ladakh prior to April. The face-off began on May 6. According to government sources, the Indian Army will not lower its guard and will maintain the current state of very high-level of combat readiness in eastern Ladakh till there are visible changes in the ground situation.