Scientists at the University of Groningen have created wearable, stitchable, and sensitive sensors from flexible polymers and bundles of carbon fibre. Like our skin, these sensors respond to pressure and can measure body position and movement. They could be used to measure disease progress in Parkinson’s disease, or sense joint movement in athletes, for example. A description of these applications was presented in the Nature Partnership journal (npj) Flexible Electronics on 14 October.

Sensors can be useful to monitor our health. However, this requires flexible sensors that will not cause discomfort to the user. Wearable sensors, stitched into clothing, would be useful as well. Ajay Kottapalli, assistant professor at the Engineering and Technology institute Groningen (ENTEG, part of the University of Groningen), together with his PhD student Debarun Sengupta, has already developed different types of sensors, often inspired by nature. He has now created sensors that can mimic the sensory capabilities of our skin.

Applications

Kottapalli used electrospun carbon fibres for his sensors. These fibres are piezoresistive, which means that their conductivity changes when they are stretched. Sensors are made by embedding the fibres in a flexible elastomer in a perpendicular pattern, creating ‘pixels’ where two fibres cross. ‘Electrospinning is similar to the way in which fabric is made, and the material can be stitched, whereby it is possible to use conductive yarn that can act as an electrode,’ says Kottapalli. The sensors can therefore be integrated into everyday clothing or gloves, or applied as patches on joints. They will measure bending movements, but they are also sensitive to pressure.

A detailed description of the sensors was published recently in npj Flexible Electronics. In the latest paper, published in the same journal on 14 October, Kottapalli and his research team focus on applications. For instance, the authors integrated the sensors into a glove. This allowed measurements of finger movement and fingertip pressure, or touch. ‘The glove can tell you the hardness of an object, like a normal hand can.’ Application on a hand prosthesis would be one option. In that case, the sensor output would have to be fed into the patient’s nervous system. A special quality of these sensors is that they can measure touch, gestures, and proprioception. ‘This is a unique combination,’ says Kottapalli. ‘Our sensors have a skin-like function.’

Washable

The sensors could also be used by athletes. Many elite athletes already wear shirts with electrodes that measure muscle activity. ‘Our sensors would add body movement to this, which is an entirely different approach. Apart from joint movement, we could also register breathing movements.’ Sensors could be placed in tight-fitting shirts, socks, gloves, or the soles of shoes. A final advantage is that the sensors are expected to be washable, although this was not yet described in the article. Kottapalli: ‘My PhD student Debarun Sengupta is actively working on that.’

Assisted walking

Kottapalli also won an NWA (Dutch Science Agenda) Idea Generator grant last year, with which he is trying to use these sensors for biomedical applications that leverage the functionality of such sensors. Together with Amar Kamat (a former postdoctoral researcher in Kottapalli’s team, currently at CTO Sencilia B.V.) and Natanael Gomes (a research engineer in the team), Kottapalli is testing the sensors in a rehabilitation centre for Parkinson’s disease patients at the Paramedisch Centrum voor Reumatologie en Revalidatie (PCRR, Paramedical Centre for Rheumatology and Rehabilitation) Hilberdink, Groningen. ‘They are being used to monitor the deterioration of their gait over time.’ This is achieved by placing sensors in shoe soles and on knee or foot joints. In the near future, this might lead to assisted walking for these patients. Kottapalli: ‘Some patients already use a system that gives them instructions on walking speed and step length through earphones. We know that just before a fall, patients take shorter steps. Our sensor system could alert them to this.’

Reference: Sengupta D, Romano J, Kottapalli AGP. Electrospun bundled carbon nanofibers for skin-inspired tactile sensing, proprioception and gesture tracking applications. npj Flex Electron. 2021;5(1):1-14. doi: 10.1038/s41528-021-00126-8

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