Even more rare, 10 police officers were arrested in a federal investigation and charged with murder.

The case came as global attention was focused on police abuse following the death of George Floyd in custody in the United States. It has renewed calls in India for reform of what human rights advocates have described as a culture of abuse and impunity within the country’s police system.

The response to the deaths of the father and son, if not unprecedented, was far from the norm in India, where police “routinely use torture and flout arrest procedures with little or no accountability,” said Jayshree Bajoria, the author of “Bound by Brotherhood,” a 2016 report on custodial deaths in India.

“Often the entire system is complicit in shielding the police responsible for such abuses instead of ensuring accountability,” said Bajoria.

According to the New Delhi-based National Campaign Against Torture, 125 people died in police custody due to torture or other abuses in 2019.

In internal reports police typically attribute such deaths to other causes such as suicide, preexisting illnesses or natural causes. However, in many cases documented by rights groups and government-appointed investigators, the deaths were determined to be the result of torture.

The country’s National Human Rights Commission said in its 2017 annual report that violence in custody was so rampant “that it has become almost routine,” adding that many custodial deaths were reported after a considerable delay or not reported at all.

India’s Home Ministry, which is responsible for law and order, did not respond to requests for comment on the issue.

In India, suspected criminals are often killed in what police and military officials call “encounters,” such as one last month when a suspect wanted in connection with the deaths of eight police officers was fatally shot after police said he snatched a gun while trying to flee. Activists were quick to cast doubt on that account.

Yet unlike the deaths of the father and son, that case was met with little public anger.

Because the country’s clogged judicial system is slow to ensure prosecutions and punishments, such killings are often encouraged by politicians, celebrated in popular Bollywood films, overwhelmingly supported by the public and rewarded by state officials with out-of-turn promotions and gallantry prizes to the police involved.

Last December, on a visit to the crime scene, police shot dead four men suspected in the high-profile rape and killing of a young woman whose body had been set on fire. Hours after the shootings, about 2,000 people gathered at the site to celebrate, passing out sweets and showering police with flower petals.

The slow pace of the Indian judicial system means it often takes years, even decades, for cases to reach completion. A backlog of tens of millions of pending court cases have significantly eroded the public faith in the system.

“It is this declining faith in the system that has led many in India to demand and support instant justice,” said sociologist Kalpana Kannabiran.

Indian courts and multiple human rights commissions have set out detailed procedures to prevent and punish such killings, but prosecution is rare. Between 2001 and 2018, 26 police officers were convicted of custodial deaths.

“There are serious gaps in both outside accountability mechanisms and internal supervision,” said Maja Daruwala, executive director of the New Delhi-based rights organization Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative.

“These cases expose long-term structural frailties and weakness that are allowed to remain within the system and repeatedly end in tragedies,” she said.

Despite repeated demands for police reform, activists say education and training for police about human rights issues and proper investigatory techniques is woefully lacking. They also say police implicated in abuses, regardless of rank, must be prosecuted.

Activists are also repeating their demands for India to ratify the United Nations Convention Against Torture and incorporate its provisions into the country’s domestic laws. India is among very few countries that have not ratified the convention.

“India can only boast of rule of law if those charged with enforcing it are held accountable,” Bajoria said.

FILE- In this Feb. 17, 2007 file photo, protestors burn a police vehicle in reaction to the alleged custodial death of Tarsem Lal, at Sohanjana village, south of Jammu, India. The country’s National Human Rights Commission said in its annual report that violence in custody was so rampant “that it has become almost routine,” adding that many custodial deaths were reported after a considerable delay or not reported at all. (AP Photo/Channi Anand, File)

Credit: Channi Anand

Credit: Channi Anand

FILE- In this July 10, 2020, file photo, policemen inspect the site where Vikas Dubey, a top crime suspect linked to the death of eight policemen was killed near Kanpur, India. Police said Dubey died in an exchange of gunfire when he snatched a revolver from officers while trying to flee after their vehicle overturned on a highway, but rights activists were quick to cast doubt, seeing it as yet another suspicious “encounter.” (AP Photo, File)

Credit: Uncredited

Credit: Uncredited

FILE- In this July 10, 2020, file photo, police officers stand guard at a hospital where the body of Vikas Dubey, a top crime suspect linked to the death of eight policemen was kept in Kanpur, India. Police said Dubey died in an exchange of gunfire when he snatched a revolver from officers while trying to flee after their vehicle overturned on a highway, but rights activists were quick to cast doubt, seeing it as yet another suspicious “encounter.” (AP Photo, File)

Credit: Uncredited

Credit: Uncredited

FILE- In this Dec. 6, 2019, file photo, people gather near the site where four men suspected of raping and killing a woman were fatally shot by police in Shadnagar near Hyderabad, India. Suspected criminals are often killed in what police and military officials call “encounters.” Because India’s clogged judiciary system is slow to ensure prosecutions and punishments, these killings are often encouraged by politicians, celebrated in popular culture like Bollywood films, overwhelmingly supported by the public and rewarded by state officials with out-of-turn promotions and gallantry prizes to policemen involved. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A, File)

Credit: Mahesh Kumar A

Credit: Mahesh Kumar A

FILE- In this Dec. 6, 2019, file photo, people cheer police as they gather near the site where four men suspected of raping and killing a woman were fatally shot by police in Shadnagar near Hyderabad, India. Suspected criminals are often killed in what police and military officials call “encounters.” Because India’s clogged judiciary system is slow to ensure prosecutions and punishments, these killings are often encouraged by politicians, celebrated in popular culture like Bollywood films, overwhelmingly supported by the public and rewarded by state officials with out-of-turn promotions and gallantry prizes to policemen involved. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A, File)

Credit: Mahesh Kumar A

Credit: Mahesh Kumar A