On the Friday afternoon after Thanksgiving, Randal Quran Reid was driving his white Jeep to his mom’s house exterior Atlanta when he was pulled over on a busy freeway. A police officer approached his car and requested for his driver’s license. Mr. Reid had left it at house, however he volunteered his identify. After asking Mr. Reid if he had any weapons, the officer instructed him to step out of the Jeep and handcuffed him with the assistance of two different officers who had arrived.

“What did I do?” Mr. Reid requested. The officer mentioned he had two theft warrants out of Baton Rouge and Jefferson Parish, a district on the outskirts of New Orleans. Mr. Reid was confused; he mentioned he had by no means been to Louisiana.

Mr. Reid, a transportation analyst, was booked on the DeKalb County jail, to await extradition from Georgia to Louisiana. It took days to search out out precisely what he was accused of: utilizing stolen bank cards to purchase designer purses.

“I’m locked up for something I have no clue about,” Mr. Reid, 29, mentioned.

His dad and mom made telephone calls, employed attorneys and spent 1000’s of {dollars} to determine why the police thought he was chargeable for the crime, finally discovering it was as a result of Mr. Reid bore a resemblance to a suspect who had been recorded by a surveillance digital camera. The case finally fell aside and the warrants have been recalled, however solely after Mr. Reid spent six days in jail and missed per week of labor.

Mr. Reid’s wrongful arrest seems to be the results of a cascade of applied sciences — starting with a nasty facial recognition match — which can be meant to make policing more practical and environment friendly however may make it far too straightforward to apprehend the flawed particular person for against the law. None of the applied sciences are talked about in official paperwork, and Mr. Reid was not instructed precisely why he had been arrested, a typical however troubling observe, based on authorized specialists and public defenders.

“In a democratic society, we should know what tools are being used to police us,” mentioned Jennifer Granick, a lawyer on the American Civil Liberties Union.

A Contract With Clearview AI

In a panic, Mr. Reid’s household instantly retained an Atlanta lawyer from the Cochran Firm. He couldn’t get Mr. Reid out of jail, and he struggled to collect extra info. He recommended that the relations rent somebody in Louisiana, so that they cold-called regulation companies in Jefferson Parish and Baton Rouge till they discovered Thomas Calogero, a felony protection lawyer. They retained him that Sunday.

Mr. Calogero came upon that Mr. Reid was accused of the summer season thefts of two Chanel purses and a brown Louis Vuitton bag, collectively value nearly $13,000, from Second Act, a consignment retailer on the outskirts of New Orleans. Mr. Calogero went to the shop and talked to the proprietor, who confirmed him a nonetheless from a surveillance digital camera. He realized that one of many alleged fraudsters appeared like Mr. Reid, however the man was heavier.

“The guy had big arms, and my client doesn’t,” Mr. Calogero mentioned. A Jefferson Parish sheriff’s officer insisted it was a “positive match,” language that made Mr. Calogero consider that facial recognition expertise had been used, and he spoke to the New Orleans information outlet NOLA.com about what he believed had occurred.

An individual with direct data of the investigation confirmed to The New York Times that facial recognition expertise had been used to establish Mr. Reid. Yet not one of the paperwork used to arrest him disclosed that.

Andrew Bartholomew, the Jefferson Parish monetary crimes detective who sought the warrant to arrest Mr. Reid, wrote in an affidavit solely that he had been “advised by a credible source” that the “heavyset black male” was Mr. Reid. Reached by telephone, Detective Bartholomew declined to remark.

“It’s untenable to me as a matter of basic criminal procedure that people who are subject to arrest are not informed of what got them there,” mentioned Barry Friedman, a constitutional regulation professor at New York University.

The Sheriff’s Office has a contract with one facial recognition vendor: Clearview AI, which it pays $25,000 a 12 months. According to paperwork obtained by The Times in a public data request, the division first signed a contract with Clearview in 2019.

Clearview scraped billions of photographs from the general public net, together with social media websites, to create a face-based search engine now utilized by regulation enforcement companies. Mr. Reid has many public photographs on the net linked to his identify, together with on LinkedIn and Facebook. The public info workplace for the Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office didn’t reply to requests for remark about using Clearview AI.

The firm’s chief govt, Hoan Ton-That, mentioned an arrest shouldn’t be primarily based on a facial recognition search alone.

“Even if Clearview AI came up with the initial result, that is the beginning of the investigation by law enforcement to determine, based on other factors, whether the correct person has been identified,” he mentioned. “More than one million searches have been conducted using Clearview AI. One false arrest is one too many, and we have tremendous empathy for the person who was wrongfully accused.”

Detective Bartholomew’s identification of Mr. Reid led to a second warrant for his arrest in East Baton Rouge Parish, the place, based on a police report, the person he resembled had used a stolen bank card to purchase a $2,800 Chanel bag at one other consignment retailer.

The Baton Rouge Police Department “trusted the information” from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office, a division spokesman, Sgt. L’Jean McKneely, mentioned. “What methods they used, we do not know,” he added.

Law enforcement officers typically say they don’t want to say using facial recognition expertise as a result of it’s only a lead in a case and never the only motive for somebody’s arrest, defending it from publicity as if it have been a confidential informant. But based on Clare Garvie, an expert on the police use of facial recognition, there are four other publicly known cases of wrongful arrests that seem to have concerned little investigation past a face match, all involving Black males. She has come throughout a handful of different examples throughout the nation, she mentioned, in her work with the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.

For Rashad Robinson, the president of Color of Change, a racial justice advocacy group, the expertise exacerbates the issues of what he referred to as “racist policing.”

“If facial recognition was misclassifying white people, white men or white women, it would not be on the shelf,” he mentioned. “Some of us and some of our communities are expendable.”

To get a warrant to arrest somebody, an officer should persuade a decide there’s possible trigger — that means, primarily, there’s a good motive to take action — and get the decide’s signature. In the previous, that meant an officer needed to go to courtroom, and even meet a decide at a diner in the course of the night time if the case was pressing. That is a second when questions are requested concerning the power of the proof, authorized specialists say.

But the friction of getting a warrant has been eased by expertise. The Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office makes use of an “eWarrant” service, CloudGavel, for which it paid $39,800 last year. It’s an app that permits officers to request digital signatures from judges. “Law enforcement officers can now get an arrest warrant approved in minutes,” the corporate’s web site states.

Many civil liberties advocates truly favor digital warrants; they permit judges to extra simply evaluation selections made by the police and eradicate a criticism from officers that it’s too exhausting to get a warrant. But advocates mentioned it will be worrisome if judges have been merely clicking a button with out asking questions or offering enough scrutiny.

“There are real questions about whether it increases the incidence of judges rubber-stamping warrants,” mentioned Nathan Freed Wessler, a deputy director with the A.C.L.U.’s Speech, Privacy and Technology Project.

A felony courtroom decide signed off on Mr. Reid’s arrest warrant at 4:28 p.m. on July 18. CloudGavel “accommodates” judicial scrutiny, mentioned Casey Roussel, the president and chief working officer of CloudGavel’s father or mother firm, FusionStak, in an e-mail. He mentioned judges might “connect with the officer via phone or video to discuss any concerns the judge may have about the warrant.”

In Mr. Reid’s case, it’s unclear if the detective spoke with the decide or defined the character of the “credible source.” The decide declined to remark.

A ‘Random Query’

“I was driving the normal speed, and I wasn’t doing anything crazy,” Mr. Reid mentioned of the day of his arrest.

Body digital camera footage obtained by The Times reveals that 4 police autos have been concerned in pulling him over. The two warrants for his arrest requested for “full extradition.” To the regulation enforcement officers in Georgia, Mr. Reid would have seemed to be a fugitive from Louisiana justice.

Why precisely Mr. Reid and his white Jeep attracted the DeKalb County police’s consideration that day is unclear. The arresting officer wrote in an incident report that he had discovered about Mr. Reid’s warrants from a “random GCIC/NCIC query of the vehicle tag,” referring to the National Crime Information Center, an F.B.I. repository of needed individuals and autos, and the Georgia Crime Information Center. It’s attainable the officer noticed Mr. Reid driving by and, for some motive, determined to run his license plate.

But Molly Kleinman, the director of a expertise coverage analysis heart on the University of Michigan, mentioned many sorts of surveillance applied sciences on the freeway might have alerted the officer to Mr. Reid’s presence on the “hot list,” together with toll go readers and automated license plate readers, which Atlanta has within the hundreds on roads and police autos. (A spokesman for the DeKalb County police mentioned a license plate reader was not used.)

“There’s a lot of secrecy about all of these surveillance technologies and the ways that they’re used,” Ms. Kleinman mentioned. “This case is a perfect example that even when the tool works as intended, if the underlying data is flawed it can still harm innocent people.”

Mr. Reid sat in DeKalb County jail for practically per week. He couldn’t be launched on bond as a result of he was alleged to be held till Louisiana officers got here to choose him up for prosecution of their state. His Jeep was towed and impounded.

“Imagine you’re living your life and somewhere far away says you committed a crime,” Mr. Reid mentioned. “And you know you’ve never been there.”

His lawyer, Mr. Calogero, gathered photographs and movies of Mr. Reid from his household, hoping to extra clearly present the Louisiana police what Mr. Reid seems to be like, and despatched them to the Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office on Wednesday, Nov. 30, 5 days after the arrest. An hour later, Mr. Calogero mentioned, an officer referred to as to tell him that the police have been withdrawing the warrant as a result of they’d observed a mole on Mr. Reid’s face that the alleged purse thief didn’t have.

Mr. Reid’s detainment was “unfortunate by all means,” Sheriff Joseph P. Lopinto III of Jefferson Parish mentioned. “As soon as we realized it wasn’t him, we moved mountains in order to get him out of jail.”

A Jefferson Parish decide recalled the warrant on Wednesday afternoon. “After further investigation, it was learned Randal Reid was not involved in the crimes committed,” the recall mentioned. Mr. Reid was launched late Thursday night time, nearly a full week after being pulled over. He is contemplating submitting a wrongful-arrest lawsuit.

“Thousands of dollars for something I didn’t do,” he mentioned.

Mr. Robinson, the Color of Change president, mentioned most individuals within the United States didn’t have 1000’s of {dollars} to clear their names. These folks may have “names and stories we will never know,” he mentioned. “They will languish in jails and prisons.”

Alain Delaquérière and Kirsten Noyes contributed analysis.