The Thar Desert at the moment is a scorching area in western India’s Rajasthan state. But within the Mesozoic Era, it was a tropical shoreline alongside the Tethys Ocean, inhabited by dinosaurs and marine creatures.

The newest discover from that desert, dated to 167 million years in the past, was from a dinosaur group known as the dicraeosaurids, which munched on vegetation with lengthy necks (though not so long as a few of their shut family). It is the primary of that group found in India, and the oldest ever discovered on this planet’s fossil document.

The all-Indian group that found the species named it Tharosaurus indicus, referencing the Thar Desert, and its nation of origin. They described the discover earlier this month within the journal Scientific Reports, and argue that it underscores the significance of learning fossils from the Indian subcontinent to extra broadly perceive our planet’s prehistory.

Dicraeosaurids like Tharosaurus indicus are half of a bigger group known as diplodocoid sauropods. These dinosaurs are characterised by their elongated our bodies and necks. They are ubiquitous amongst fossil beds from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous durations. The dicraeosaurids are distinguished by spikes on the again of their necks, and have been unearthed in Africa, the Americas and China. But no such fossils had been documented in India earlier than, mentioned Sunil Bajpai, a vertebrate paleontologist on the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and an writer of the examine. Earlier theories prompt that India was inhabited solely by the predecessors of diplodocoids.

But Dr. Bajpai and different researchers questioned if there was extra to the story. In 2018, the Geological Survey of India and IIT Roorkee started a collaboration aimed toward systematically exploring and excavating fossils close to Jaisalmer, a significant metropolis within the Thar Desert. Initial finds included now-extinct hybodont sharks and marine bony fish. Then in 2019, the excavation of dinosaur fossils bought underway, yielding the eventual discovery of Tharosaurus indicus.

The dinosaur was distinctive from others of its group, with elongated depressions on the neck bones’ sides, neural spines with deep divisions that may have resembled upward spikes on the neck, and a heart-shaped entrance floor on its tail bones. It additionally gives proof for another viewpoint on which sauropods lived in what’s now India.

“It represents the earliest global record of not only dicraeosaurids but also of diplodocoids,” mentioned Debajit Datta, a postdoctoral earth sciences researcher at IIT Roorkee and a co-author of the examine.

Together with different primitive dinosaur findings like Barapasaurus and Kotasaurus from the Early Jurassic Kota Formation in central India, the invention of Tharosaurus strongly means that what’s now India performed a major function within the emergence and diversification of neosauropods, a bunch of long-necked vegetarian dinosaurs that thrived as the most important land animals. This conclusion is additional supported when contemplating the association of continents through the Middle Jurassic interval, Dr. Datta mentioned.

Dr. Bajpai additionally pointed to different discoveries that demonstrated that the Indian landmass was an necessary location within the origin and evolutionary historical past of different vertebrate teams. Notable examples embody fossils of Indohyus and Cambaytherium, which have performed essential roles in tracing the origins of whales and horses.

“We still do not know so much about the prehistory of India,” mentioned Andrej Čerňanský, a vertebrate paleontologist at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. “Finds such as this new fossil are therefore crucial to our understanding, as they convey important information about the evolution of the animals of the subcontinent, and its different paleogeography during the past.”

Dr. Bajpai mentioned that though India possessed worthwhile fossils of various ages, there weren’t sufficient vertebrate paleontologists to comprehensively examine them. The discipline’s development, he mentioned, is hampered by restricted entry to sure fossil websites due to mining operations, dense forest cowl, inadequate funding and restricted job alternatives.

But he mentioned he was optimistic that latest federal proposals would assist in the safety and conservation of geoheritage websites within the nation, together with necessary fossil websites.