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Pre-clinical
vaccines not yet in human trials
142
Phase 1
vaccines in small-scale safety trials
35
Phase 2
vaccines in expanded safety trials
19
Phase 3
vaccines in large-scale efficacy trials
11
Approved
vaccines approved for general use
0
Source: WHO. Last updated 30 Sep
Researchers around the world are racing to develop a vaccine against Covid-19, with more than 170 candidate vaccines now tracked by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Vaccines normally require years of testing and additional time to produce at scale, but scientists are hoping to develop a coronavirus vaccine within 12 to 18 months.
Vaccines mimic the virus – or part of the virus – they protect against, stimulating the immune system to develop antibodies. They must follow higher safety standards than other drugs because they are given to millions of healthy people.
Recent vaccine news
How are vaccines tested?
In the pre-clinical stage of testing, researchers give the vaccine to animals to see if it triggers an immune response.
In phase 1 of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.
In phase 2, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage.
In phase 3, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo.
Vaccines in clinical trials
Phase in progress
Phase completed
University of Oxford/AstraZeneca
BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer
CanSino Biologics Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
Gamaleya Research Institute
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan
Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute
Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
SpyBiotech/Serum Institute of India
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc
Cadila Healthcare Limited
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/ Xiamen University
Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax
FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo
West China Hospital, Sichuan University
ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax
Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme
University Hospital Tuebingen
Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba
University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech.
University of Melbourne/Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
Source: WHO. Last updated 30 Sep
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